Contacts of the helix formed by residues 134 - 157 (chain C) in PDB entry 1IES


Residue contacts within the protein are derived with the CSU software (Sobolev V., Sorokine A., Prilusky J., Abola E.E. and Edelman M. (1999) Automated analysis of interatomic contacts in proteins. Bioinformatics, 15, 327-332). A short description of the analytical approach is given at the end of the page.
For CSU analysis of other PDB entry

Note:
Non-standard 3 letter residue codes indicate a heterogroup. To identify and analyse, use LPC software

Legend:
Dist - nearest distance (Å) between atoms of two residues
Surf - contact surface area (Å2) between two residues
HB   - hydrophilic-hydrophilic contact (hydrogen bond)
Arom - aromatic-aromatic contact
Phob - hydrophobic-hydrophobic contact
DC   - hydrophobic-hydrophilic contact (destabilizing contact)
+/-  - indicates presence/absence of a specific contacts
*    - indicates residues forming contacts  by their side chain
       (including CA atoms)
Residues in contact with LEU 134 (chain C).
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    123B  PRO*     3.6    34.3    -      -       +      -
    124B  HIS*     4.2    16.6    -      -       +      +
    127B  ASP*     6.0     0.9    -      -       +      -
    107C  ASN*     4.7     4.0    +      -       -      +
    110C  LEU*     3.9    33.0    -      -       +      +
    111C  LEU*     4.2    19.7    -      -       +      -
    114C  HIS*     3.9     7.2    -      -       +      -
    129C  LEU*     3.0    18.3    +      -       +      +
    130C  GLU*     3.7    31.6    +      -       +      +
    133C  PHE*     1.3    77.6    -      -       -      +
    135C  ASP*     1.3    60.8    +      -       -      +
    137C  GLU*     3.4     5.5    -      -       -      +
    138C  VAL*     3.2    23.7    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ASP 135 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     71B  GLN*     4.4     4.0    +      -       -      -
    124B  HIS*     3.2    28.2    +      -       +      +
    127B  ASP*     5.1     7.9    -      -       -      +
    128B  PHE*     6.1     1.0    -      -       -      -
    130C  GLU      4.2    10.5    +      -       -      +
    131C  SER      6.0     1.6    -      -       -      +
    133C  PHE      3.4     0.6    -      -       -      +
    134C  LEU*     1.3    73.0    -      -       -      +
    136C  GLU*     1.3    65.3    +      -       -      +
    137C  GLU      3.1     1.8    -      -       -      -
    138C  VAL*     3.0     2.4    +      -       -      +
    139C  LYS*     2.9    62.0    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLU 136 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23C  TYR*     5.5     3.5    +      -       -      -
     57C  GLU*     4.2    27.2    -      -       -      +
     58C  LYS*     4.7    11.6    +      -       -      -
     61C  GLY*     6.0     1.9    -      -       -      -
    132C  HIS      3.5    22.6    -      -       -      +
    133C  PHE*     3.8    14.6    -      -       -      +
    134C  LEU      3.4     0.2    -      -       -      -
    135C  ASP*     1.3    78.1    -      -       -      +
    137C  GLU*     1.3    60.7    +      -       -      +
    139C  LYS*     3.9     9.6    -      -       -      +
    140C  LEU*     3.0    32.4    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLU 137 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23C  TYR*     3.7    13.5    +      -       -      -
     58C  LYS*     3.3    19.6    +      -       -      -
    103C  GLU*     2.7    40.6    -      -       -      +
    106C  LEU*     4.6     3.1    -      -       -      +
    107C  ASN*     3.3    37.7    -      -       +      +
    110C  LEU*     4.0     7.7    -      -       +      +
    133C  PHE      3.1    17.5    +      -       -      +
    134C  LEU      3.4     5.6    -      -       -      +
    136C  GLU*     1.3    81.2    -      -       -      +
    138C  VAL*     1.3    64.9    +      -       -      +
    140C  LEU*     3.9     3.6    -      -       -      +
    141C  ILE*     3.0    32.9    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 138 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     71B  GLN*     3.8    37.2    -      -       +      +
     72B  ARG*     4.0    17.7    -      -       -      +
    124B  HIS*     3.7    39.9    -      -       +      +
    107C  ASN*     4.8    11.9    -      -       -      +
    134C  LEU      3.2    11.2    +      -       -      +
    135C  ASP*     3.0     7.7    +      -       -      +
    137C  GLU*     1.3    76.2    -      -       -      +
    139C  LYS*     1.3    62.6    +      -       -      +
    141C  ILE*     4.0     5.6    -      -       +      +
    142C  LYS*     3.1    22.7    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LYS 139 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     67B  LYS*     4.8     8.5    -      -       -      +
     71B  GLN*     3.7    32.0    +      -       -      +
    135C  ASP*     2.9    45.9    +      -       -      +
    136C  GLU*     3.9     7.6    -      -       -      +
    138C  VAL*     1.3    77.0    -      -       -      +
    140C  LEU*     1.3    60.3    +      -       -      +
    142C  LYS*     3.2     6.1    +      -       -      +
    143C  LYS*     3.0    22.9    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 140 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     50C  PHE*     4.9     1.3    -      -       +      -
     54C  LEU*     3.6    34.5    -      -       +      -
     57C  GLU*     4.8     7.4    -      -       -      +
     58C  LYS*     4.1     8.3    -      -       -      +
    103C  GLU*     3.5    29.2    -      -       +      +
    136C  GLU*     3.0    21.8    +      -       +      +
    137C  GLU*     3.9     5.8    -      -       -      +
    139C  LYS*     1.3    74.4    -      -       -      +
    141C  ILE*     1.3    64.5    +      -       -      +
    143C  LYS*     3.1    31.4    +      -       +      +
    144C  MET*     2.9    42.0    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ILE 141 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
      4B  ILE*     3.5    37.2    -      -       +      +
      6B  GLN*     4.2     6.5    -      -       -      +
    100C  ILE*     4.2     6.2    -      -       +      +
    103C  GLU*     3.7    41.3    -      -       +      +
    104C  LYS*     4.1    14.6    -      -       +      +
    107C  ASN*     4.0    23.8    -      -       +      +
    137C  GLU*     3.0    23.4    +      -       -      +
    138C  VAL*     4.2     5.4    -      -       -      +
    140C  LEU*     1.3    73.8    -      -       -      +
    142C  LYS*     1.3    57.3    +      -       -      +
    144C  MET*     3.4     7.3    +      -       -      +
    145C  GLY      2.9    23.2    +      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LYS 142 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
      4B  ILE*     4.1    14.5    -      -       +      +
     70B  ASN*     3.5    19.1    -      -       +      +
     71B  GLN*     3.5    36.8    +      -       +      +
    138C  VAL      3.1    15.6    +      -       -      +
    139C  LYS*     3.6     8.3    -      -       -      +
    140C  LEU      3.2     0.2    -      -       -      -
    141C  ILE*     1.3    76.1    -      -       -      +
    143C  LYS*     1.3    63.6    +      -       -      +
    145C  GLY*     3.0     1.8    +      -       -      +
    146C  ASP*     2.7    56.9    +      -       -      +
     38E  ASP*     2.8    39.1    +      -       -      +
     40E  ASP*     3.9    10.8    -      -       +      +
     43E  ALA*     5.9     0.2    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LYS 143 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     50C  PHE*     4.1    23.0    -      -       +      -
     54C  LEU*     5.9     0.8    -      -       -      +
    139C  LYS      3.0    13.1    +      -       -      +
    140C  LEU*     3.1    23.6    +      -       +      +
    142C  LYS*     1.3    75.0    -      -       -      +
    144C  MET*     1.3    58.2    +      -       -      +
    146C  ASP*     3.4    10.8    +      -       +      +
    147C  HIS*     3.0    58.4    +      -       +      +
    174C  ASP*     6.0     0.7    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with MET 144 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     30C  TYR*     3.7    16.2    -      -       -      +
     50C  PHE*     4.2    18.4    -      -       +      -
     54C  LEU*     3.6    31.0    -      -       +      -
     96C  MET*     4.5     8.8    -      -       -      +
     99C  ALA*     3.9    11.4    -      -       +      -
    100C  ILE*     4.0    31.2    -      -       +      -
    103C  GLU*     3.9    22.2    -      -       +      -
    140C  LEU*     2.9    30.2    +      -       +      +
    141C  ILE*     3.7     4.9    -      -       -      +
    143C  LYS*     1.3    77.5    -      -       -      +
    145C  GLY*     1.3    55.7    +      -       -      +
    147C  HIS*     3.1     8.0    +      -       -      +
    148C  LEU*     2.9    31.9    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLY 145 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
      3B  GLN*     3.0    31.5    +      -       -      -
      4B  ILE*     3.5    19.5    -      -       -      +
    100C  ILE*     4.1     5.1    -      -       -      +
    141C  ILE      2.9    15.8    +      -       -      -
    142C  LYS      3.0     3.3    +      -       -      -
    144C  MET*     1.3    71.2    -      -       -      +
    146C  ASP*     1.3    63.0    +      -       -      +
    148C  LEU*     3.4     1.5    +      -       -      -
    149C  THR*     3.2    15.1    +      -       -      +
     40E  ASP*     4.0     4.5    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ASP 146 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    142C  LYS*     2.7    48.8    +      -       -      +
    143C  LYS*     3.5    13.5    -      -       +      +
    145C  GLY*     1.3    76.0    -      -       -      +
    147C  HIS*     1.3    64.7    +      -       -      +
    149C  THR*     3.3     2.8    +      -       -      -
    150C  ASN*     3.1    31.5    +      -       -      +
     38E  ASP*     5.4     0.2    -      -       -      +
     40E  ASP*     3.4    14.6    -      -       -      -
     43E  ALA*     3.7    21.2    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with HIS 147 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     50C  PHE*     3.8    29.0    -      +       -      -
     96C  MET*     4.1    20.4    -      -       +      -
    143C  LYS*     3.0    45.0    +      -       +      +
    144C  MET*     3.5     7.2    -      -       -      +
    146C  ASP*     1.3    78.9    -      -       +      +
    148C  LEU*     1.3    62.4    +      -       -      +
    150C  ASN*     3.2     4.1    +      -       -      +
    151C  ILE*     2.9    28.1    +      -       -      +
    166C  PHE*     3.7    21.8    -      +       +      -
    170C  THR*     4.0    23.0    -      -       +      +
    171C  LEU*     4.0    11.1    -      -       +      +
    174C  ASP*     4.2    10.3    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 148 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
      3B  GLN*     4.0    22.9    -      -       +      +
     93C  LEU*     3.5    25.8    -      -       +      -
     96C  MET*     3.7    19.9    -      -       +      +
     97C  LYS*     3.5    26.0    -      -       +      -
    100C  ILE*     4.0    35.7    -      -       +      -
    144C  MET*     2.9    17.4    +      -       +      +
    145C  GLY      3.4     6.2    +      -       -      +
    147C  HIS*     1.3    75.1    -      -       -      +
    149C  THR*     1.3    56.9    +      -       -      +
    151C  ILE*     3.3     5.7    +      -       -      +
    152C  GLN*     2.8    37.6    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with THR 149 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
      3B  GLN*     3.4    21.8    -      -       -      +
    145C  GLY      3.2     2.3    +      -       -      +
    146C  ASP      3.3     7.4    +      -       -      -
    147C  HIS      3.3     0.2    -      -       -      -
    148C  LEU*     1.3    73.9    -      -       -      +
    150C  ASN*     1.3    59.1    +      -       -      +
    152C  GLN*     3.3    11.7    +      -       -      +
    153C  ARG*     3.0    34.3    +      -       -      +
     40E  ASP      2.8    29.8    +      -       -      +
     41E  ASP*     3.6    19.3    -      -       +      -
     42E  VAL      4.2     4.8    +      -       -      -
     43E  ALA*     3.4    11.8    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ASN 150 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    146C  ASP*     3.1    17.4    +      -       -      +
    147C  HIS*     3.7     7.7    +      -       -      +
    149C  THR*     1.3    78.8    +      -       -      +
    151C  ILE*     1.3    64.5    +      -       -      +
    153C  ARG*     2.7    37.3    -      -       -      +
    154C  LEU*     3.2    26.1    +      -       -      +
    166C  PHE*     3.9    18.3    -      -       +      -
    170C  THR*     5.6     0.9    -      -       -      -
     43E  ALA*     3.0    21.5    +      -       -      +
     44E  LEU*     3.9     4.6    -      -       -      +
    164E  TYR*     3.6    26.7    -      -       +      -
    167E  GLU*     5.5     0.6    +      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ILE 151 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     92C  THR*     3.6    26.7    -      -       +      +
     93C  LEU*     4.2    24.2    -      -       +      +
     96C  MET*     3.5    33.9    -      -       +      -
    147C  HIS      2.9    23.2    +      -       -      +
    148C  LEU*     3.8     4.9    -      -       -      +
    150C  ASN*     1.3    74.0    -      -       -      +
    152C  GLN*     1.3    62.9    +      -       -      +
    154C  LEU*     3.1     7.4    +      -       +      -
    155C  VAL*     2.9    47.6    +      -       +      +
    162C  GLY      5.9     0.2    -      -       -      +
    163C  GLU*     5.4     2.9    -      -       +      -
    166C  PHE*     3.7    28.5    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLN 152 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
      3B  GLN*     4.4     9.0    +      -       -      +
     93C  LEU*     3.8    19.0    -      -       +      +
     97C  LYS*     3.8    28.3    -      -       -      +
    148C  LEU*     2.8    35.1    +      -       -      +
    149C  THR*     3.6    11.2    -      -       -      +
    151C  ILE*     1.3    72.5    -      -       -      +
    153C  ARG*     1.3    60.6    +      -       -      +
    155C  VAL*     4.8     4.4    -      -       -      +
    156C  GLY*     3.2    20.1    +      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ARG 153 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    149C  THR*     3.0    17.9    +      -       -      +
    150C  ASN*     2.7    59.4    -      -       -      +
    152C  GLN*     1.3    75.4    -      -       -      +
    154C  LEU*     1.3    65.3    +      -       +      +
    156C  GLY*     4.1     0.5    -      -       -      -
    157C  SER*     3.1    25.5    +      -       -      -
     41E  ASP      4.8     3.0    +      -       -      -
     42E  VAL*     2.8    36.6    +      -       -      +
     44E  LEU*     3.3    21.7    -      -       -      +
    160E  GLY*     3.6    33.9    -      -       -      +
    163E  GLU*     4.4    14.6    +      -       -      +
    164E  TYR*     4.1    11.9    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 154 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    150C  ASN      3.2    16.2    +      -       -      +
    151C  ILE*     3.1     7.3    +      -       -      +
    153C  ARG*     1.3    77.6    -      -       -      +
    155C  VAL*     1.3    63.8    +      -       +      +
    157C  SER*     3.1     6.1    +      -       -      -
    158C  GLN      3.1    24.1    +      -       -      +
    162C  GLY*     3.6    21.9    -      -       -      +
    165C  LEU*     4.8     3.4    -      -       +      -
    166C  PHE*     3.6    32.1    -      -       +      +
    161E  LEU*     3.5    31.0    -      -       +      +
    164E  TYR*     3.4    53.6    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 155 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     93C  LEU*     4.5    23.6    -      -       +      -
    151C  ILE*     2.9    33.3    +      -       +      +
    152C  GLN*     4.9     2.5    -      -       +      +
    154C  LEU*     1.3    74.2    -      -       -      +
    156C  GLY*     1.3    67.2    +      -       -      +
    158C  GLN      4.1     4.5    -      -       -      -
    159C  ALA*     3.6    40.3    +      -       +      +
    162C  GLY      4.6     0.2    -      -       -      -
    163C  GLU*     4.2    19.3    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLY 156 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    152C  GLN      3.2    19.5    +      -       -      -
    153C  ARG      4.1     0.9    -      -       -      -
    154C  LEU      3.2     0.2    -      -       -      -
    155C  VAL*     1.3    80.2    -      -       -      +
    157C  SER*     1.4    65.1    +      -       -      +
    159C  ALA      5.2     0.2    +      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with SER 157 (chain C). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    153C  ARG      3.1    14.2    +      -       -      -
    154C  LEU      3.1     8.8    +      -       -      -
    156C  GLY*     1.4    79.8    -      -       -      +
    158C  GLN*     1.3    66.0    +      -       -      +
    158E  GLN*     3.3    40.7    +      -       -      +
    160E  GLY*     3.5     6.9    +      -       -      -
    161E  LEU*     3.3    29.5    +      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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A short description of the analytical approach
The contact analysis used in this page is based upon the approach developed in: Sobolev V., Wade R.C., Vriend G. and Edelman M. PROTEINS (1996) 25, 120-129. Contact legitimacy depends on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties of the contacting atoms. In order to define it, for each inter-atomic contact, eight atom classes have been introduced:


   I  Hydrophilic      - N and O that can donate and accept hydrogen bonds
                         (e.g., oxygen of hydroxyl group of Ser. or Thr)
  II  Acceptor         - N or O that can only accept a hydrogen bond
 III  Donor            - N that can only donate a hydrogen bond
  IV  Hydrophobic      - Cl, Br, I and all C atoms that are not in
                         aromatic rings and do not have a covalent bond to
                         a N or O atom
   V  Aromatic         - C in aromatic rings irrespective of any other 
                         bonds formed by the atom
  VI  Neutral          - C atoms that have a covalent bond to at least one
                         atom of class I or two or more atoms from class II
                         or III; atoms; S, F, P, and metal atoms in all cases
 VII  Neutral-donor    - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only one
                         atom of class III
VIII  Neutral-acceptor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only 
                         one atom of class II
For each pair of contacts the state of legitimacy is shown below:

Legend:
+, legitimate
-, illegitimate
------------------------------------------------------------
  Atomic class           I  II  III   IV   V   VI  VII  VIII
------------------------------------------------------------
   I  (Hydrophilic)      +   +    +    -   +   +    +    +
  II  (Acceptor)         +   -    +    -   +   +    +    -
 III  (Donor)            +   +    -    -   +   +    -    +
  IV  (Hydrophobic)      -   -    -    +   +   +    +    +
   V  (Aromatic)         +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
  VI  (Neutral)          +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
 VII  (Neutral-donor)    +   +    -    +   +   +    -    +
VIII  (Neutral-acceptor) +   -    +    +   +   +    +    -
------------------------------------------------------------
Warning!
Atom classes for heterogroups are automatically assigned based on the atomic coordinates. However, in three cases (see below) the automatic assignment is currently ambiguous. In these cases, the user is advised to manually analyse the full list of contacts using LPC software.
1. Carbon atoms belonging to a 4-, 5- or 6-member ring are 
   considered "aromatic" (Class V) if the ring is approximately
   planar, and "hydrophobic" (Class IV) or "neutral" (Classes
   VI, VII, VIII) if the ring is non-planar.
2. The oxygen atom of a carbonyl or hydroxy group is considered
   "hydroxy" (Class I) if the CO bond is longer than 1.29 Å, and
   "carbonyl" (Class II) if shorter.
3. All nitrogen atoms are considered "hydrophilic" (Class I).

Please E-mail any questions and/or suggestions concerning this page to Vladimir.Sobolev@weizmann.ac.il