Contacts of the helix formed by residues 36 - 61 (chain A) in PDB entry 3CUQ


Residue contacts within the protein are derived with the CSU software (Sobolev V., Sorokine A., Prilusky J., Abola E.E. and Edelman M. (1999) Automated analysis of interatomic contacts in proteins. Bioinformatics, 15, 327-332). A short description of the analytical approach is given at the end of the page.
For CSU analysis of other PDB entry

Note:
Non-standard 3 letter residue codes indicate a heterogroup. To identify and analyse, use LPC software

Legend:
Dist - nearest distance (Å) between atoms of two residues
Surf - contact surface area (Å2) between two residues
HB   - hydrophilic-hydrophilic contact (hydrogen bond)
Arom - aromatic-aromatic contact
Phob - hydrophobic-hydrophobic contact
DC   - hydrophobic-hydrophilic contact (destabilizing contact)
+/-  - indicates presence/absence of a specific contacts
*    - indicates residues forming contacts  by their side chain
       (including CA atoms)
Residues in contact with MET 36 (chain A).
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     35A  GLN*     1.3   103.0    -      -       +      +
     37A  SER*     1.3    64.4    +      -       -      +
     38A  LYS      3.2     4.8    +      -       -      -
     39A  GLN*     3.3    41.0    +      -       -      +
     40A  LEU      3.3     8.0    +      -       -      -
    190B  GLU      5.9     0.2    -      -       -      +
    191B  MET*     5.9     0.2    -      -       -      -
    194B  LEU*     3.1    33.0    -      -       +      +
    198B  ILE*     4.3    21.1    -      -       +      -
    217B  PHE*     5.5     2.9    -      -       +      -
    220B  TYR*     2.9    53.5    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with SER 37 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     34A  ALA*     3.5    24.9    +      -       -      +
     36A  MET*     1.3    75.2    -      -       -      +
     38A  LYS*     1.3    63.6    +      -       -      +
     40A  LEU*     3.2    26.4    -      -       -      +
     41A  ASP*     3.1    26.0    +      -       -      +
    220B  TYR*     4.9     1.8    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LYS 38 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     34A  ALA*     3.6    12.2    +      -       -      +
     35A  GLN      4.5     7.2    -      -       -      +
     36A  MET      3.2     0.2    -      -       -      -
     37A  SER*     1.3    79.9    -      -       -      +
     39A  GLN*     1.3    70.4    +      -       +      +
     40A  LEU      3.1     1.3    +      -       -      -
     41A  ASP*     3.5     4.8    +      -       -      +
     42A  MET*     3.4    26.9    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLN 39 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     35A  GLN*     5.1     6.5    +      -       -      +
     36A  MET*     3.3    33.8    +      -       +      +
     38A  LYS*     1.3    84.1    -      -       +      +
     40A  LEU*     1.3    63.7    +      -       -      +
     42A  MET*     3.3    42.4    -      -       +      +
     43A  PHE      3.4     1.7    +      -       -      -
    190B  GLU*     5.2    12.4    -      -       -      +
    191B  MET*     3.4    34.8    +      -       +      +
    194B  LEU*     5.6     5.3    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LEU 40 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     36A  MET      3.3     6.3    +      -       -      +
     37A  SER*     3.2    31.0    -      -       -      +
     38A  LYS      3.1     0.2    -      -       -      -
     39A  GLN*     1.3    74.8    -      -       -      +
     41A  ASP*     1.3    70.3    +      -       -      +
     43A  PHE*     3.2    15.1    +      -       -      +
     44A  LYS*     3.3    15.7    +      -       +      +
     86A  PHE*     4.4    24.5    -      -       +      -
    191B  MET*     4.6     6.7    -      -       -      -
    219B  SER      5.7     1.1    -      -       -      +
    220B  TYR*     3.7    46.0    -      -       +      +
    223B  SER*     4.8     4.9    -      -       -      +
    224B  MET*     5.3     9.6    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ASP 41 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     37A  SER*     3.1    21.5    +      -       -      +
     38A  LYS      3.5     6.0    +      -       -      +
     40A  LEU*     1.3    77.5    -      -       -      +
     42A  MET*     1.3    67.9    +      -       -      +
     44A  LYS*     3.5    32.3    +      -       +      +
     45A  THR*     3.3    13.7    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with MET 42 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     38A  LYS*     3.4    23.2    +      -       +      +
     39A  GLN*     3.3    39.5    -      -       +      +
     41A  ASP*     1.3    80.3    -      -       -      +
     43A  PHE*     1.3    63.4    +      -       -      +
     45A  THR*     3.1    11.1    +      -       -      -
     46A  ASN*     3.1    25.2    +      -       -      +
    187B  LYS*     6.4     1.8    -      -       +      -
    191B  MET*     4.9     7.4    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with PHE 43 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     39A  GLN      3.4     0.2    +      -       -      -
     40A  LEU*     3.2    10.1    +      -       +      +
     42A  MET*     1.3    76.8    -      -       -      +
     44A  LYS*     1.3    67.6    +      -       -      +
     46A  ASN*     3.1    21.1    +      -       -      +
     47A  LEU*     3.1    37.1    +      -       +      +
     86A  PHE*     4.9     4.0    -      +       +      -
     87A  TRP*     4.0    12.3    -      +       -      -
    184B  LEU*     3.6    25.4    -      -       +      -
    187B  LYS*     3.6    19.7    -      -       +      -
    188B  ALA*     3.2    39.9    -      -       +      -
    191B  MET*     3.7    27.8    -      -       +      -
    224B  MET*     3.4    29.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LYS 44 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     40A  LEU*     3.3     9.2    +      -       +      +
     41A  ASP*     3.5    31.7    +      -       +      +
     42A  MET      3.3     0.4    -      -       -      -
     43A  PHE*     1.3    79.5    -      -       -      +
     45A  THR*     1.3    58.6    +      -       +      +
     47A  LEU*     3.5     4.4    +      -       -      +
     48A  GLU*     3.1    45.4    +      -       -      +
     86A  PHE*     3.4    44.8    -      -       +      -
     90A  MET*     4.4     7.9    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with THR 45 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     41A  ASP      3.3     8.8    +      -       -      +
     42A  MET*     3.1    14.4    +      -       -      -
     44A  LYS*     1.3    77.4    -      -       +      +
     46A  ASN*     1.3    66.1    +      -       -      +
     47A  LEU      3.4     0.2    -      -       -      -
     48A  GLU*     4.0    17.6    -      -       +      +
     49A  GLU*     3.6    22.2    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ASN 46 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     42A  MET*     3.1    25.9    +      -       -      +
     43A  PHE*     3.1    27.6    +      -       +      +
     45A  THR*     1.3    80.0    +      -       -      +
     47A  LEU*     1.3    58.7    +      -       -      +
     49A  GLU*     3.6     4.7    +      -       -      +
     50A  PHE*     3.1    24.7    +      -       -      +
    184B  LEU*     4.2    14.4    -      -       +      +
    187B  LYS*     4.5    22.5    -      -       +      +
    191B  MET*     6.0     0.2    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LEU 47 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     43A  PHE*     3.1    40.9    +      -       +      +
     44A  LYS*     3.8     4.5    -      -       -      +
     46A  ASN*     1.3    78.4    -      -       -      +
     48A  GLU*     1.3    53.6    +      -       -      +
     50A  PHE*     3.0    14.2    -      -       +      +
     51A  ALA*     2.7    32.8    +      -       +      +
     86A  PHE*     4.3    23.6    -      -       +      +
     87A  TRP*     4.2    22.7    -      -       +      +
     90A  MET*     3.7    29.8    -      -       +      -
     91A  LEU*     4.3    21.1    -      -       +      -
    184B  LEU*     4.7    10.3    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLU 48 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     44A  LYS*     3.1    39.0    +      -       -      +
     45A  THR*     4.1    16.7    +      -       +      +
     46A  ASN      3.4     0.2    -      -       -      -
     47A  LEU*     1.3    73.7    -      -       -      +
     49A  GLU*     1.3    59.3    +      -       -      +
     51A  ALA*     3.3     9.4    +      -       -      +
     52A  SER*     2.9    28.2    +      -       -      -
     90A  MET*     3.8    31.8    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLU 49 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     45A  THR      3.6    11.6    +      -       -      +
     46A  ASN*     3.7     8.7    -      -       -      +
     48A  GLU*     1.3    75.0    -      -       -      +
     50A  PHE*     1.3    69.0    +      -       -      +
     52A  SER*     2.7    29.1    +      -       -      +
     53A  LYS*     3.5     6.8    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with PHE 50 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     46A  ASN      3.1    12.7    +      -       -      +
     47A  LEU*     3.0    21.1    -      -       +      +
     49A  GLU*     1.3    79.0    -      -       -      +
     51A  ALA*     1.3    59.6    +      -       -      +
     54A  HIS*     3.1    57.4    +      +       +      +
     58A  ILE*     5.4     4.5    -      -       +      -
     64A  PHE*     5.4     2.7    -      +       -      -
     68A  PHE*     5.2     9.2    -      +       -      -
     87A  TRP*     5.9     2.2    -      +       -      -
     91A  LEU*     4.4    25.8    -      -       +      -
    177B  ALA*     4.7     1.6    -      -       -      -
    180B  ASP*     4.2     7.4    -      -       +      -
    181B  LEU*     3.7    54.3    -      -       +      -
    184B  LEU*     3.7    29.8    -      -       +      -
    185B  MET*     6.0     0.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ALA 51 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     47A  LEU      2.7    14.9    +      -       -      +
     48A  GLU*     3.3    13.2    -      -       -      +
     50A  PHE*     1.3    73.0    -      -       -      +
     52A  SER*     1.3    61.2    +      -       -      +
     54A  HIS      3.0     1.3    +      -       -      -
     55A  LYS*     2.8    38.6    +      -       +      +
     90A  MET*     4.0    30.1    -      -       +      +
     91A  LEU*     4.6    16.4    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with SER 52 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     48A  GLU      2.9    11.7    +      -       -      -
     49A  GLU*     2.7    36.0    +      -       -      +
     51A  ALA*     1.3    71.2    -      -       -      +
     53A  LYS*     1.3    58.4    +      -       -      +
     55A  LYS*     4.7     6.8    +      -       -      +
     56A  GLN*     5.7     1.4    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LYS 53 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     49A  GLU      3.5     5.7    +      -       -      +
     51A  ALA      3.2     0.8    -      -       -      -
     52A  SER*     1.3    80.9    +      -       -      +
     54A  HIS*     1.3    77.0    +      -       +      +
     55A  LYS      3.7     1.6    -      -       -      -
     56A  GLN*     4.6    10.3    +      -       -      -
     57A  GLU*     5.0     3.3    -      -       -      +
    173B  ASN*     3.6    38.5    -      -       -      +
    176B  GLU*     4.0    20.8    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with HIS 54 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     50A  PHE*     3.1    46.3    +      +       +      +
     51A  ALA*     3.0     5.8    +      -       -      -
     53A  LYS*     1.3    91.7    -      -       +      +
     55A  LYS*     1.3    66.7    +      -       -      +
     56A  GLN*     3.7     0.9    -      -       -      +
     57A  GLU*     3.8    25.6    +      -       +      +
     58A  ILE*     4.2    13.0    +      -       +      +
     64A  PHE*     5.4     4.3    -      -       +      -
     91A  LEU*     5.3     2.5    -      -       +      +
    173B  ASN*     3.7    12.4    +      -       -      -
    176B  GLU*     3.4    37.6    -      -       +      +
    177B  ALA*     3.2    37.4    +      -       +      -
    180B  ASP*     5.1     2.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LYS 55 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     51A  ALA*     2.8    17.6    +      -       +      +
     52A  SER*     4.8     6.3    -      -       -      +
     53A  LYS      3.7     1.4    -      -       -      -
     54A  HIS*     1.3    81.7    -      -       -      +
     56A  GLN*     1.3    92.9    +      -       -      +
     57A  GLU      3.1     3.5    +      -       -      -
     58A  ILE*     3.6    12.5    +      -       -      +
     59A  ARG*     3.3    41.0    +      -       -      +
     90A  MET      5.9     2.2    -      -       -      +
     91A  LEU*     5.3    10.9    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLN 56 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     52A  SER      5.7     1.7    +      -       -      +
     53A  LYS      4.6    13.9    +      -       -      -
     55A  LYS*     1.3   113.8    +      -       -      +
     57A  GLU*     1.3    60.2    +      -       +      +
     58A  ILE      3.4     0.4    -      -       -      -
     59A  ARG*     3.2    14.3    +      -       +      +
     60A  LYS*     2.6    51.2    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLU 57 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     53A  LYS      5.0     2.1    -      -       -      +
     54A  HIS*     3.9    28.2    -      -       +      +
     55A  LYS      3.1     0.6    +      -       -      -
     56A  GLN*     1.3    81.2    -      -       +      +
     58A  ILE*     1.3    62.1    +      -       -      +
     60A  LYS*     2.9    24.3    +      -       -      +
     61A  ASN*     3.0    31.2    +      -       -      +
     64A  PHE*     4.1    17.0    -      -       +      -
    173B  ASN*     3.9    11.4    -      -       -      +
    174B  ILE*     3.4    40.7    +      -       -      +
    177B  ALA*     5.9     1.3    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ILE 58 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     50A  PHE*     5.4     5.4    -      -       +      -
     54A  HIS*     4.5     8.7    -      -       +      +
     55A  LYS      3.6     7.5    +      -       -      +
     57A  GLU*     1.3    78.9    -      -       -      +
     59A  ARG*     1.3    62.9    +      -       +      +
     60A  LYS      3.6     0.2    +      -       -      -
     61A  ASN      4.1     4.1    +      -       -      +
     64A  PHE*     3.5    30.1    -      -       +      -
     65A  ARG*     3.2    48.6    +      -       +      +
     68A  PHE*     4.7    22.2    -      -       +      -
     91A  LEU*     3.7    35.7    -      -       +      +
     93A  VAL*     4.1    22.0    -      -       +      -
    181B  LEU*     6.1     0.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ARG 59 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     55A  LYS*     3.3    49.6    +      -       -      +
     56A  GLN*     3.2    16.5    +      -       +      +
     57A  GLU      3.1     0.6    -      -       -      -
     58A  ILE*     1.3    83.0    -      -       +      +
     60A  LYS*     1.3    56.6    +      -       -      +
     65A  ARG*     4.1    16.9    +      -       -      +
     91A  LEU      4.3    20.0    +      -       -      +
     92A  GLY*     4.4    14.3    +      -       -      -
     96A  PHE*     6.3     5.4    -      -       +      -
    138A  ASP*     5.0    11.6    -      -       -      +
    279B  MET*     5.0    13.5    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LYS 60 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     56A  GLN*     2.6    30.9    +      -       +      +
     57A  GLU*     2.9    13.7    +      -       -      +
     59A  ARG*     1.3    76.0    -      -       -      +
     61A  ASN*     1.3    58.9    +      -       +      +
     62A  PRO*     4.1     4.8    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ASN 61 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     57A  GLU*     3.0    32.1    +      -       -      +
     58A  ILE      4.1     7.0    -      -       -      +
     60A  LYS*     1.3    80.2    -      -       +      +
     62A  PRO*     1.3    70.2    -      -       +      +
     63A  GLU*     3.7    10.6    +      -       -      +
     64A  PHE*     3.0    44.8    +      -       -      +
     65A  ARG*     3.8     4.4    +      -       -      -
    178B  PHE*     6.1     0.2    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page


A short description of the analytical approach
The contact analysis used in this page is based upon the approach developed in: Sobolev V., Wade R.C., Vriend G. and Edelman M. PROTEINS (1996) 25, 120-129. Contact legitimacy depends on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties of the contacting atoms. In order to define it, for each inter-atomic contact, eight atom classes have been introduced:


   I  Hydrophilic      - N and O that can donate and accept hydrogen bonds
                         (e.g., oxygen of hydroxyl group of Ser. or Thr)
  II  Acceptor         - N or O that can only accept a hydrogen bond
 III  Donor            - N that can only donate a hydrogen bond
  IV  Hydrophobic      - Cl, Br, I and all C atoms that are not in
                         aromatic rings and do not have a covalent bond to
                         a N or O atom
   V  Aromatic         - C in aromatic rings irrespective of any other 
                         bonds formed by the atom
  VI  Neutral          - C atoms that have a covalent bond to at least one
                         atom of class I or two or more atoms from class II
                         or III; atoms; S, F, P, and metal atoms in all cases
 VII  Neutral-donor    - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only one
                         atom of class III
VIII  Neutral-acceptor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only 
                         one atom of class II
For each pair of contacts the state of legitimacy is shown below:

Legend:
+, legitimate
-, illegitimate
------------------------------------------------------------
  Atomic class           I  II  III   IV   V   VI  VII  VIII
------------------------------------------------------------
   I  (Hydrophilic)      +   +    +    -   +   +    +    +
  II  (Acceptor)         +   -    +    -   +   +    +    -
 III  (Donor)            +   +    -    -   +   +    -    +
  IV  (Hydrophobic)      -   -    -    +   +   +    +    +
   V  (Aromatic)         +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
  VI  (Neutral)          +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
 VII  (Neutral-donor)    +   +    -    +   +   +    -    +
VIII  (Neutral-acceptor) +   -    +    +   +   +    +    -
------------------------------------------------------------
Warning!
Atom classes for heterogroups are automatically assigned based on the atomic coordinates. However, in three cases (see below) the automatic assignment is currently ambiguous. In these cases, the user is advised to manually analyse the full list of contacts using LPC software.
1. Carbon atoms belonging to a 4-, 5- or 6-member ring are 
   considered "aromatic" (Class V) if the ring is approximately
   planar, and "hydrophobic" (Class IV) or "neutral" (Classes
   VI, VII, VIII) if the ring is non-planar.
2. The oxygen atom of a carbonyl or hydroxy group is considered
   "hydroxy" (Class I) if the CO bond is longer than 1.29 Å, and
   "carbonyl" (Class II) if shorter.
3. All nitrogen atoms are considered "hydrophilic" (Class I).

Please E-mail any questions and/or suggestions concerning this page to Vladimir.Sobolev@weizmann.ac.il