Contacts of the helix formed by residues 27 - 50 (chain A) in PDB entry 4KNF


Residue contacts within the protein are derived with the CSU software (Sobolev V., Sorokine A., Prilusky J., Abola E.E. and Edelman M. (1999) Automated analysis of interatomic contacts in proteins. Bioinformatics, 15, 327-332). A short description of the analytical approach is given at the end of the page.
For CSU analysis of other PDB entry

Note:
Non-standard 3 letter residue codes indicate a heterogroup. To identify and analyse, use LPC software

Legend:
Dist - nearest distance (Å) between atoms of two residues
Surf - contact surface area (Å2) between two residues
HB   - hydrophilic-hydrophilic contact (hydrogen bond)
Arom - aromatic-aromatic contact
Phob - hydrophobic-hydrophobic contact
DC   - hydrophobic-hydrophilic contact (destabilizing contact)
+/-  - indicates presence/absence of a specific contacts
*    - indicates residues forming contacts  by their side chain
       (including CA atoms)
Residues in contact with ASP 27 (chain A).
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     24A  ASP*     3.2    27.5    +      -       +      +
     25A  ILE      3.2     2.7    -      -       -      -
     26A  SER*     1.3    77.7    +      -       -      +
     28A  THR*     1.3    63.0    +      -       -      +
     29A  VAL*     3.7     3.3    +      -       -      +
     30A  GLY*     3.0    10.0    +      -       -      -
     31A  VAL*     2.9    18.7    +      -       -      +
     83A  TRP*     2.9    39.3    +      -       -      -
     84A  ILE*     3.7    14.6    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with THR 28 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     25A  ILE      4.5     5.5    +      -       -      -
     26A  SER      3.0    13.2    +      -       -      -
     27A  ASP*     1.3    70.2    +      -       -      +
     29A  VAL*     1.3    56.4    +      -       -      +
     31A  VAL*     2.8    27.5    +      -       +      +
     32A  SER*     2.9    13.8    +      -       -      -
    222A  LEU*     4.2    23.6    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 29 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     27A  ASP*     3.7     1.1    +      -       -      +
     28A  THR*     1.3    76.3    -      -       -      +
     30A  GLY*     1.3    62.1    +      -       -      +
     32A  SER*     3.1     3.1    +      -       -      -
     33A  PHE*     3.0    40.6    +      -       +      -
     83A  TRP*     3.2    40.2    -      -       +      +
    218A  SER*     3.6    39.5    -      -       -      +
    221A  ASN*     4.0    13.5    -      -       +      -
    222A  LEU*     3.6    24.7    -      -       +      +
    225A  ASN*     5.1     1.3    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLY 30 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23A  LEU*     5.8     0.2    -      -       -      -
     24A  ASP      5.8     0.2    -      -       -      -
     27A  ASP*     3.0    30.5    +      -       -      -
     29A  VAL*     1.3    78.5    -      -       -      +
     31A  VAL*     1.3    58.7    +      -       -      +
     33A  PHE*     3.5     3.3    +      -       -      +
     34A  TRP      3.3     7.8    +      -       -      -
     80A  ARG*     2.4    37.2    +      -       -      -
     83A  TRP*     3.6     3.3    -      -       -      +
     84A  ILE*     4.1     9.4    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 31 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23A  LEU*     5.1     9.9    -      -       +      -
     24A  ASP      4.1    15.0    -      -       -      +
     25A  ILE*     4.4    25.8    -      -       +      +
     27A  ASP      2.9    11.6    +      -       -      +
     28A  THR*     2.8    15.0    +      -       +      +
     30A  GLY*     1.3    70.0    -      -       -      -
     32A  SER*     1.3    60.4    +      -       -      +
     34A  TRP*     3.2     9.1    +      -       +      +
     35A  LEU*     2.9    48.6    +      -       +      +
     80A  ARG*     4.6     0.2    -      -       -      +
     92B  VAL*     4.9     9.4    -      -       +      -
     96B  ILE*     4.1    16.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with SER 32 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     28A  THR*     2.9    11.6    +      -       -      -
     29A  VAL      3.4     8.5    -      -       -      -
     31A  VAL*     1.3    78.5    -      -       -      +
     33A  PHE*     1.3    61.1    -      -       -      +
     35A  LEU*     3.3    10.4    +      -       -      +
     36A  VAL*     3.1    29.7    +      -       -      +
    222A  LEU*     3.8    19.3    +      -       -      +
    225A  ASN*     2.6    35.1    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 33 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     29A  VAL*     3.0    43.2    +      -       +      +
     30A  GLY      3.8     1.3    -      -       -      +
     31A  VAL      3.2     0.2    -      -       -      -
     32A  SER*     1.3    72.9    -      -       -      +
     34A  TRP*     1.3    56.3    -      -       -      +
     36A  VAL*     4.0     0.2    -      -       -      +
     37A  THR*     2.5    43.8    +      -       -      +
     76A  TYR*     3.5    25.0    -      +       -      -
     79A  MET*     3.9    14.4    -      -       +      -
     80A  ARG*     3.4    36.1    -      -       +      -
     83A  TRP*     3.9    21.5    -      +       +      -
     90A  PRO*     4.2    13.7    -      -       +      -
     94A  ARG*     3.5    20.9    -      -       -      -
    221A  ASN*     4.0     9.0    -      -       +      -
    225A  ASN*     3.3    23.6    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with TRP 34 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23A  LEU*     4.0    19.0    -      -       +      +
     30A  GLY      3.3     3.0    +      -       -      +
     31A  VAL*     3.2    12.1    +      -       -      +
     33A  PHE*     1.3    80.3    -      -       -      +
     35A  LEU*     1.3    63.9    +      -       +      +
     37A  THR*     3.6     4.9    +      -       -      -
     38A  ALA*     3.2    21.6    +      -       +      +
     80A  ARG*     3.7    40.2    -      -       -      +
     74B  TRP*     6.0     1.8    -      -       +      -
     75B  HIS*     2.9    38.7    +      +       -      -
     78B  TYR*     3.6    38.6    -      +       -      -
     93B  PHE*     3.6    26.7    -      +       -      -
     96B  ILE*     3.4    24.3    -      -       +      +
    100B  LEU*     4.6     1.8    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 35 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     31A  VAL*     2.9    40.8    +      -       +      +
     32A  SER*     3.9     8.1    -      -       -      +
     33A  PHE      3.3     0.2    -      -       -      -
     34A  TRP*     1.3    73.7    -      -       -      +
     36A  VAL*     1.3    55.6    +      -       +      +
     38A  ALA*     3.2     5.7    +      -       -      +
     39A  GLY*     2.9    30.0    +      -       -      -
    229A  PHE*     5.9     1.2    -      -       -      -
     96B  ILE*     3.8    36.3    -      -       +      -
     99B  LEU*     3.9    23.3    -      -       +      -
    100B  LEU*     4.0    25.2    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 36 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     32A  SER*     3.1    20.3    +      -       -      +
     33A  PHE      4.0     0.2    -      -       -      +
     35A  LEU*     1.3    76.6    -      -       +      +
     37A  THR*     1.3    66.5    +      -       -      +
     39A  GLY*     3.6     2.2    -      -       -      +
     40A  MET*     2.8    36.5    +      -       +      +
     76A  TYR*     3.3    43.5    -      -       +      +
    225A  ASN*     4.0    27.8    -      -       +      +
    226A  LEU*     5.7     0.4    -      -       -      -
    229A  PHE*     4.8    23.3    -      -       +      +
    233A  ILE*     4.7     0.3    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with THR 37 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     33A  PHE*     2.5    32.8    +      -       -      +
     34A  TRP*     3.7     7.9    +      -       -      -
     36A  VAL*     1.3    77.8    -      -       -      +
     38A  ALA*     1.3    57.4    -      -       -      +
     40A  MET*     3.1     4.8    +      -       -      +
     41A  LEU      2.9    22.5    +      -       -      -
     73A  PHE*     3.8    34.2    -      -       +      +
     76A  TYR*     3.5    28.0    +      -       +      +
     77A  LEU*     4.3    18.6    -      -       +      -
     80A  ARG*     4.8     4.4    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 38 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     34A  TRP*     3.2    13.3    +      -       +      +
     35A  LEU      3.5     8.1    -      -       -      +
     37A  THR*     1.3    76.7    -      -       -      +
     39A  GLY*     1.3    66.9    +      -       -      +
     41A  LEU*     3.3    11.4    +      -       -      +
     42A  ALA*     3.0    23.8    +      -       -      +
     71B  ILE*     5.1     9.8    -      -       +      +
     75B  HIS*     4.9     7.0    -      -       +      -
    100B  LEU*     3.8    26.5    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLY 39 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     35A  LEU      2.9    15.3    +      -       -      -
     36A  VAL*     3.1     4.0    +      -       -      -
     38A  ALA*     1.3    75.0    -      -       -      +
     40A  MET*     1.4    57.1    +      -       -      +
     42A  ALA*     3.4     6.4    +      -       -      +
     43A  ALA*     3.0    30.7    +      -       -      +
    229A  PHE*     5.1     6.3    -      -       -      -
    233A  ILE*     3.4    17.2    -      -       -      +
    100B  LEU*     5.0     5.1    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with MET 40 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     36A  VAL*     2.8    31.0    +      -       +      +
     37A  THR*     3.5     6.1    -      -       -      +
     39A  GLY*     1.4    73.3    -      -       -      +
     41A  LEU*     1.3    60.8    +      -       -      +
     44A  THR*     2.6    35.2    +      -       -      -
     69A  THR*     3.0    60.0    -      -       +      +
     72A  ALA*     3.7    17.0    -      -       +      -
     73A  PHE*     3.9    15.5    -      -       -      +
     76A  TYR*     4.4    11.2    -      -       +      -
    228A  ASP*     5.0     4.0    -      -       -      +
    232A  LYS*     4.2    15.3    -      -       +      -
    233A  ILE*     3.5    20.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 41 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     37A  THR      2.9    12.1    +      -       -      +
     38A  ALA*     3.4    13.5    -      -       -      +
     40A  MET*     1.3    78.5    -      -       -      +
     42A  ALA*     1.3    62.5    +      -       -      +
     44A  THR*     3.3     9.2    +      -       +      -
     45A  VAL*     3.2    28.0    +      -       +      +
     73A  PHE*     3.9    43.1    -      -       +      -
     71B  ILE*     6.4     2.0    -      -       +      -
     74B  TRP*     4.0    35.0    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 42 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     38A  ALA      3.0    17.6    +      -       -      +
     39A  GLY*     3.4     6.9    +      -       -      +
     41A  LEU*     1.3    74.5    -      -       -      +
     43A  ALA*     1.3    58.4    +      -       -      +
     45A  VAL*     3.4     1.5    +      -       -      -
     46A  PHE*     2.8    30.1    +      -       -      +
     67B  LEU*     3.5    33.0    -      -       +      +
     71B  ILE*     4.4    21.3    -      -       +      +
    104B  LEU*     5.7     1.3    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 43 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     39A  GLY      3.0    16.8    +      -       -      +
     40A  MET      4.0     1.1    -      -       -      +
     42A  ALA*     1.3    74.1    -      -       -      +
     44A  THR*     1.3    58.2    +      -       -      +
     46A  PHE*     3.5     7.4    -      -       -      +
     47A  PHE*     2.8    61.4    +      -       +      -
     69A  THR*     3.9    11.7    -      -       +      -
    233A  ILE*     4.1    20.9    -      -       +      -
    237A  LEU*     6.3     0.7    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with THR 44 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     40A  MET      2.6    23.8    +      -       -      -
     41A  LEU*     3.4    10.1    -      -       +      -
     43A  ALA*     1.3    77.1    -      -       -      +
     45A  VAL*     1.3    66.8    +      -       +      +
     47A  PHE*     3.9     0.9    -      -       -      +
     48A  PHE*     3.0    53.6    +      -       +      -
     66A  GLY*     3.7     8.5    -      -       -      +
     69A  THR*     3.1    10.9    +      -       -      -
     70A  GLY*     3.0    29.1    +      -       -      -
     73A  PHE*     4.8     1.6    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 45 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     41A  LEU*     3.2    20.4    +      -       +      +
     42A  ALA      3.7     6.3    -      -       -      +
     44A  THR*     1.3    82.1    -      -       +      +
     46A  PHE*     1.3    62.9    +      -       -      +
     48A  PHE*     5.0     3.1    -      -       -      -
     49A  VAL*     2.9    31.3    +      -       +      +
     48B  PHE*     3.6    37.9    -      -       +      -
     63B  THR*     5.4     0.2    -      -       +      -
     67B  LEU*     4.0     9.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 46 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     42A  ALA      2.8    21.5    +      -       -      +
     43A  ALA*     3.5     9.2    -      -       -      +
     45A  VAL*     1.3    73.5    -      -       -      +
     47A  PHE*     1.3    70.6    +      +       -      +
     49A  VAL*     4.0     0.3    -      -       -      -
     50A  GLU*     2.9    45.3    +      -       +      +
    237A  LEU*     3.8    20.6    -      -       +      -
    240A  TRP*     3.5    57.9    -      +       -      -
     60B  THR*     4.3    12.3    -      -       +      -
     63B  THR*     3.7    26.0    -      -       +      -
     64B  VAL*     4.4     9.4    -      -       +      -
     67B  LEU*     4.0    15.7    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 47 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     43A  ALA*     2.8    33.8    +      -       +      +
     46A  PHE*     1.3    78.3    -      +       -      +
     48A  PHE*     1.3    67.6    +      -       -      +
     50A  GLU*     3.8     4.9    +      -       -      -
     51A  ARG*     3.7     5.0    +      -       -      +
     62A  LEU*     3.6    45.4    -      -       +      +
     65A  SER*     3.5    28.9    -      -       -      -
     66A  GLY*     3.8     5.4    -      -       -      +
     69A  THR*     3.5    26.7    -      -       +      -
    232A  LYS      4.3     4.5    -      -       -      -
    233A  ILE      3.7     8.3    -      -       -      -
    236A  GLY*     3.5    39.7    -      -       -      -
    237A  LEU*     3.7    22.2    -      -       +      -
    240A  TRP*     4.6     7.6    -      +       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 48 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     44A  THR*     3.0    40.6    +      -       +      +
     45A  VAL*     4.1     3.6    -      -       -      +
     47A  PHE*     1.3    75.2    -      -       -      +
     49A  VAL*     1.3    67.8    +      -       +      +
     50A  GLU      3.1     1.0    +      -       -      -
     51A  ARG*     3.2    23.8    +      -       -      +
     63A  THR*     3.7    35.2    -      -       +      -
     66A  GLY*     3.5    32.8    -      -       -      -
     67A  LEU*     3.5     7.4    -      -       +      -
     70A  GLY*     5.6     0.4    -      -       -      -
     45E  VAL*     3.8    28.0    -      -       +      -
     49E  VAL*     4.3    22.4    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 49 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     45A  VAL*     2.9    32.0    +      -       +      +
     46A  PHE      4.1     1.3    -      -       -      +
     48A  PHE*     1.3    73.9    -      -       +      +
     50A  GLU*     1.3    57.3    +      -       -      +
     51A  ARG      3.2     4.2    +      -       -      -
     52A  ASP*     3.6     8.3    +      -       -      +
     48B  PHE*     4.0    23.6    -      -       +      -
     51B  ARG*     3.2    50.8    +      -       -      +
     63B  THR*     3.7    10.8    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLU 50 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     46A  PHE*     2.9    38.0    +      -       +      +
     47A  PHE      3.8     0.6    +      -       -      +
     48A  PHE      3.1     0.6    +      -       -      -
     49A  VAL*     1.3    73.8    -      -       -      +
     51A  ARG*     1.3    59.1    +      -       -      +
     52A  ASP      3.1     3.1    -      -       -      -
     53A  GLN*     2.9    34.4    +      -       -      +
     54A  VAL*     3.9     1.4    +      -       -      +
     62A  LEU*     3.7    11.9    -      -       +      +
    240A  TRP*     2.8    40.1    +      -       +      +
     51B  ARG*     2.8    26.1    +      -       -      +
     60B  THR*     2.6    33.6    +      -       -      -
     63B  THR*     3.0    16.4    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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A short description of the analytical approach
The contact analysis used in this page is based upon the approach developed in: Sobolev V., Wade R.C., Vriend G. and Edelman M. PROTEINS (1996) 25, 120-129. Contact legitimacy depends on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties of the contacting atoms. In order to define it, for each inter-atomic contact, eight atom classes have been introduced:


   I  Hydrophilic      - N and O that can donate and accept hydrogen bonds
                         (e.g., oxygen of hydroxyl group of Ser. or Thr)
  II  Acceptor         - N or O that can only accept a hydrogen bond
 III  Donor            - N that can only donate a hydrogen bond
  IV  Hydrophobic      - Cl, Br, I and all C atoms that are not in
                         aromatic rings and do not have a covalent bond to
                         a N or O atom
   V  Aromatic         - C in aromatic rings irrespective of any other 
                         bonds formed by the atom
  VI  Neutral          - C atoms that have a covalent bond to at least one
                         atom of class I or two or more atoms from class II
                         or III; atoms; S, F, P, and metal atoms in all cases
 VII  Neutral-donor    - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only one
                         atom of class III
VIII  Neutral-acceptor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only 
                         one atom of class II
For each pair of contacts the state of legitimacy is shown below:

Legend:
+, legitimate
-, illegitimate
------------------------------------------------------------
  Atomic class           I  II  III   IV   V   VI  VII  VIII
------------------------------------------------------------
   I  (Hydrophilic)      +   +    +    -   +   +    +    +
  II  (Acceptor)         +   -    +    -   +   +    +    -
 III  (Donor)            +   +    -    -   +   +    -    +
  IV  (Hydrophobic)      -   -    -    +   +   +    +    +
   V  (Aromatic)         +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
  VI  (Neutral)          +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
 VII  (Neutral-donor)    +   +    -    +   +   +    -    +
VIII  (Neutral-acceptor) +   -    +    +   +   +    +    -
------------------------------------------------------------
Warning!
Atom classes for heterogroups are automatically assigned based on the atomic coordinates. However, in three cases (see below) the automatic assignment is currently ambiguous. In these cases, the user is advised to manually analyse the full list of contacts using LPC software.
1. Carbon atoms belonging to a 4-, 5- or 6-member ring are 
   considered "aromatic" (Class V) if the ring is approximately
   planar, and "hydrophobic" (Class IV) or "neutral" (Classes
   VI, VII, VIII) if the ring is non-planar.
2. The oxygen atom of a carbonyl or hydroxy group is considered
   "hydroxy" (Class I) if the CO bond is longer than 1.29 Å, and
   "carbonyl" (Class II) if shorter.
3. All nitrogen atoms are considered "hydrophilic" (Class I).

Please E-mail any questions and/or suggestions concerning this page to Vladimir.Sobolev@weizmann.ac.il