Contacts of the helix formed by residues 27 - 50 (chain B) in PDB entry 4KNF


Residue contacts within the protein are derived with the CSU software (Sobolev V., Sorokine A., Prilusky J., Abola E.E. and Edelman M. (1999) Automated analysis of interatomic contacts in proteins. Bioinformatics, 15, 327-332). A short description of the analytical approach is given at the end of the page.
For CSU analysis of other PDB entry

Note:
Non-standard 3 letter residue codes indicate a heterogroup. To identify and analyse, use LPC software

Legend:
Dist - nearest distance (Å) between atoms of two residues
Surf - contact surface area (Å2) between two residues
HB   - hydrophilic-hydrophilic contact (hydrogen bond)
Arom - aromatic-aromatic contact
Phob - hydrophobic-hydrophobic contact
DC   - hydrophobic-hydrophilic contact (destabilizing contact)
+/-  - indicates presence/absence of a specific contacts
*    - indicates residues forming contacts  by their side chain
       (including CA atoms)
Residues in contact with ASP 27 (chain B).
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     24B  ASP*     3.2    24.0    +      -       +      +
     25B  ILE      3.1     4.1    -      -       -      -
     26B  SER*     1.3    78.0    +      -       -      +
     28B  THR*     1.3    60.7    +      -       -      +
     29B  VAL*     3.7     3.3    +      -       -      +
     30B  GLY*     3.1    23.9    +      -       -      -
     31B  VAL*     3.2    16.3    +      -       -      +
     80B  ARG*     5.3     0.5    +      -       -      -
     83B  TRP*     3.0    33.8    +      -       -      -
     84B  ILE*     4.4    12.1    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with THR 28 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     25B  ILE      4.5     7.6    +      -       -      -
     26B  SER      3.3     8.3    +      -       -      -
     27B  ASP*     1.3    72.5    +      -       -      +
     29B  VAL*     1.3    63.3    +      -       -      +
     31B  VAL*     3.3     9.2    +      -       +      +
     32B  SER*     3.1    22.4    +      -       -      -
    218B  SER*     5.9     1.1    -      -       -      -
    222B  LEU*     4.1    24.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with VAL 29 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     27B  ASP*     3.2     1.4    +      -       -      +
     28B  THR*     1.3    74.8    -      -       -      +
     30B  GLY*     1.3    64.8    +      -       -      +
     31B  VAL      3.2     0.2    +      -       -      -
     32B  SER*     3.4     2.4    +      -       -      -
     33B  PHE*     2.9    43.7    +      -       +      -
     83B  TRP*     3.4    36.1    -      -       +      +
    218B  SER*     3.6    43.1    -      -       -      +
    221B  ASN*     3.8    14.8    -      -       +      -
    222B  LEU*     4.1    14.8    -      -       +      -
    225B  ASN*     5.0     2.5    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLY 30 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23B  LEU*     5.1     0.2    -      -       -      -
     27B  ASP*     3.1    29.9    +      -       -      -
     29B  VAL*     1.3    75.4    -      -       -      +
     31B  VAL*     1.3    55.6    +      -       -      +
     33B  PHE*     3.5     2.3    +      -       -      +
     34B  TRP*     3.1    11.4    +      -       -      +
     80B  ARG*     2.7    41.8    +      -       -      -
     83B  TRP*     3.6    10.8    -      -       -      +
     84B  ILE*     4.2     0.9    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with VAL 31 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23B  LEU*     4.7    14.4    -      -       +      -
     24B  ASP      4.1    13.5    -      -       -      +
     25B  ILE*     4.5    23.1    -      -       +      +
     27B  ASP      3.2    13.2    +      -       -      +
     28B  THR*     3.6    11.0    -      -       +      +
     29B  VAL      3.2     0.4    -      -       -      -
     30B  GLY*     1.3    74.5    -      -       -      +
     32B  SER*     1.3    68.0    +      -       -      +
     34B  TRP*     2.9    10.7    +      -       +      +
     35B  LEU*     2.9    32.0    +      -       +      +
     92C  VAL*     5.3     3.4    -      -       +      -
     96C  ILE*     4.0    26.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with SER 32 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     28B  THR*     3.1    17.4    +      -       -      -
     29B  VAL      3.5     2.7    -      -       -      -
     31B  VAL*     1.3    77.2    -      -       -      +
     33B  PHE*     1.3    63.6    +      -       -      +
     35B  LEU*     3.3     9.6    +      -       -      +
     36B  VAL*     3.0    26.5    +      -       -      +
    222B  LEU*     3.8    20.6    +      -       -      +
    225B  ASN*     2.7    36.7    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with PHE 33 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     29B  VAL*     2.9    44.2    +      -       +      -
     30B  GLY*     3.6     8.5    -      -       -      +
     32B  SER*     1.3    75.9    -      -       -      +
     34B  TRP*     1.3    59.3    +      -       -      +
     36B  VAL*     3.5     2.7    -      -       -      +
     37B  THR*     2.7    34.5    +      -       -      -
     76B  TYR*     3.7    20.0    -      +       -      -
     79B  MET*     3.6    26.7    -      -       +      -
     80B  ARG*     3.6    31.0    -      -       +      -
     83B  TRP*     4.0    22.4    -      +       +      -
     90B  PRO*     4.3     6.5    -      -       +      -
     94B  ARG*     3.6    22.4    -      -       -      -
    221B  ASN*     4.1     5.8    -      -       -      -
    225B  ASN*     3.4    21.5    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with TRP 34 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     23B  LEU*     4.0    14.7    -      -       +      +
     30B  GLY      3.1    13.4    +      -       -      +
     31B  VAL*     2.9    13.1    +      -       +      +
     33B  PHE*     1.3    74.8    -      -       -      +
     35B  LEU*     1.3    65.9    +      -       +      +
     37B  THR*     3.2     6.8    +      -       -      -
     38B  ALA*     3.0    21.5    +      -       +      +
     80B  ARG*     3.6    36.0    -      -       -      +
     74C  TRP*     6.0     1.8    -      -       +      -
     75C  HIS*     2.9    33.5    +      +       -      -
     78C  TYR*     3.7    37.9    -      +       -      -
     93C  PHE*     3.5    30.5    -      +       -      -
     96C  ILE*     3.4    26.0    -      -       +      +
    100C  LEU*     4.8     0.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LEU 35 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     31B  VAL*     2.9    33.1    +      -       +      +
     32B  SER*     3.7     8.1    -      -       -      +
     34B  TRP*     1.3    76.1    -      -       -      +
     36B  VAL*     1.3    57.8    +      -       -      +
     38B  ALA*     3.2     5.6    +      -       -      +
     39B  GLY*     2.9    24.4    +      -       -      -
    229B  PHE*     4.8     6.1    -      -       +      -
     96C  ILE*     3.7    35.9    -      -       +      +
     99C  LEU*     3.8    27.4    -      -       +      -
    100C  LEU*     3.7    30.7    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with VAL 36 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     32B  SER      3.0    19.4    +      -       -      +
     33B  PHE*     3.5     3.6    -      -       -      +
     35B  LEU*     1.3    73.9    -      -       -      +
     37B  THR*     1.3    66.1    +      -       -      +
     39B  GLY      4.2     0.9    -      -       -      +
     40B  MET*     2.7    45.9    +      -       +      +
     76B  TYR*     2.9    49.1    -      -       +      +
    225B  ASN*     4.2    21.8    -      -       +      +
    229B  PHE*     4.2    28.0    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with THR 37 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     33B  PHE      2.7    24.9    +      -       -      -
     34B  TRP*     3.3    12.6    -      -       -      -
     36B  VAL*     1.3    77.9    -      -       -      +
     38B  ALA*     1.3    57.1    +      -       -      +
     40B  MET*     3.4     2.4    +      -       -      +
     41B  LEU*     3.1    22.2    +      -       -      +
     73B  PHE*     3.4    35.1    -      -       +      +
     76B  TYR*     3.5    27.4    +      -       +      +
     77B  LEU*     3.9    23.9    -      -       +      +
     80B  ARG*     4.7     4.0    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ALA 38 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     34B  TRP*     3.0    13.2    +      -       +      +
     35B  LEU      3.5     7.6    -      -       -      +
     36B  VAL      3.1     0.2    -      -       -      -
     37B  THR*     1.3    73.0    -      -       -      +
     39B  GLY*     1.3    67.1    +      -       -      +
     41B  LEU*     3.2    10.5    +      -       -      +
     42B  ALA*     2.9    25.7    +      -       -      +
     73B  PHE*     5.8     0.2    -      -       -      -
     71C  ILE*     5.1    10.2    -      -       +      +
     75C  HIS*     4.7     7.4    -      -       +      -
    100C  LEU*     3.7    28.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLY 39 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     35B  LEU      2.9    15.1    +      -       -      -
     36B  VAL      3.1     3.6    +      -       -      -
     38B  ALA*     1.3    76.3    -      -       -      +
     40B  MET*     1.3    56.4    +      -       -      +
     42B  ALA*     3.3     6.2    +      -       -      +
     43B  ALA*     2.8    32.2    +      -       -      +
    229B  PHE*     4.5     8.5    -      -       -      -
    233B  ILE*     3.8    19.3    -      -       -      +
    100C  LEU*     4.8     4.1    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with MET 40 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     36B  VAL*     2.7    42.0    +      -       +      +
     37B  THR*     3.7     5.2    -      -       -      +
     39B  GLY*     1.3    70.4    -      -       -      +
     41B  LEU*     1.3    64.9    +      -       -      +
     44B  THR*     2.8    31.8    +      -       -      -
     69B  THR*     3.1    54.4    -      -       +      +
     72B  ALA*     3.8    18.4    -      -       +      -
     73B  PHE*     3.7    16.8    -      -       -      +
     76B  TYR*     4.6     7.0    -      -       +      -
    228B  ASP      4.6     3.8    -      -       -      +
    232B  LYS*     4.1    17.7    -      -       +      -
    233B  ILE*     3.7    19.5    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with LEU 41 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     37B  THR      3.1    13.9    +      -       -      +
     38B  ALA*     3.4    11.4    -      -       -      +
     40B  MET*     1.3    74.9    -      -       -      +
     42B  ALA*     1.3    62.8    +      -       -      +
     44B  THR*     3.4     7.9    +      -       +      -
     45B  VAL*     3.1    37.6    +      -       +      +
     73B  PHE*     3.9    40.2    -      -       +      -
     71C  ILE*     6.4     2.9    -      -       +      -
     74C  TRP*     4.1    33.2    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ALA 42 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     38B  ALA      2.9    20.1    +      -       -      +
     39B  GLY*     3.6     7.0    -      -       -      +
     41B  LEU*     1.3    73.0    -      -       -      +
     43B  ALA*     1.3    58.5    +      -       -      +
     45B  VAL*     3.3     6.1    +      -       -      +
     46B  PHE*     2.9    29.4    +      -       -      +
     67C  LEU*     3.7    22.4    -      -       +      +
     71C  ILE*     4.0    25.6    -      -       +      -
    104C  LEU*     5.9     1.6    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with ALA 43 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     39B  GLY      2.8    21.3    +      -       -      +
     40B  MET      3.8     0.4    -      -       -      +
     42B  ALA*     1.3    69.4    -      -       -      +
     44B  THR*     1.3    61.2    +      -       -      +
     46B  PHE*     3.1     8.9    +      -       -      +
     47B  PHE*     2.8    47.7    +      -       +      -
     69B  THR*     3.7    21.5    -      -       +      -
    233B  ILE*     3.9    22.4    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with THR 44 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     40B  MET      2.8    24.4    +      -       -      -
     41B  LEU*     3.5     9.3    -      -       +      -
     43B  ALA*     1.3    72.4    -      -       -      +
     45B  VAL*     1.3    66.2    +      -       +      +
     47B  PHE*     4.0     1.0    -      -       -      +
     48B  PHE*     3.1    43.5    +      -       +      -
     66B  GLY*     3.4    18.8    -      -       -      +
     69B  THR*     2.7    26.1    +      -       -      -
     70B  GLY*     3.0    17.9    +      -       -      -
     73B  PHE*     4.9     0.9    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with VAL 45 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     41B  LEU*     3.1    24.4    +      -       +      +
     42B  ALA*     3.3     7.8    +      -       -      +
     44B  THR*     1.3    82.0    -      -       +      +
     46B  PHE*     1.3    59.7    +      -       -      +
     48B  PHE*     3.2     3.9    +      -       -      +
     49B  VAL*     2.9    43.9    +      -       +      +
     48C  PHE*     3.6    34.5    -      -       +      -
     67C  LEU*     3.6     9.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with PHE 46 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     42B  ALA      2.9    14.6    +      -       -      +
     43B  ALA*     3.4    11.9    -      -       -      +
     45B  VAL*     1.3    75.8    -      -       -      +
     47B  PHE*     1.3    72.8    +      +       -      +
     49B  VAL*     4.1     0.2    -      -       -      +
     50B  GLU*     3.0    43.5    +      -       +      +
    237B  LEU*     3.6    26.9    -      -       +      -
    240B  TRP*     3.7    49.1    -      +       -      -
     60C  THR*     4.4    12.8    -      -       +      -
     63C  THR*     3.7    27.1    -      -       +      -
     64C  VAL*     4.6    10.1    -      -       +      -
     67C  LEU*     3.8    17.3    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with PHE 47 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     43B  ALA*     2.8    35.8    +      -       +      +
     46B  PHE*     1.3    92.8    -      +       -      +
     48B  PHE*     1.3    64.1    +      -       -      +
     50B  GLU*     3.6     1.8    +      -       -      -
     51B  ARG*     3.4    20.5    +      -       -      +
     62B  LEU*     3.7    41.4    -      -       +      +
     65B  SER*     3.8    23.1    -      -       -      -
     66B  GLY*     3.8     7.4    -      -       -      +
     69B  THR*     3.7    24.5    -      -       +      -
    232B  LYS      4.4     2.9    -      -       -      -
    233B  ILE*     3.8     8.1    -      -       +      -
    236B  GLY*     3.4    42.6    -      -       -      -
    237B  LEU*     3.6    11.7    -      -       +      -
    240B  TRP*     4.6     0.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with PHE 48 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     45A  VAL*     3.6    31.4    -      -       +      -
     49A  VAL*     4.0    26.5    -      -       +      -
     44B  THR*     3.1    40.9    +      -       +      +
     45B  VAL*     3.8     4.3    -      -       -      +
     47B  PHE*     1.3    77.1    -      -       -      +
     49B  VAL*     1.3    64.5    +      -       +      +
     51B  ARG*     3.3    26.2    +      -       -      +
     63B  THR*     3.9    23.1    -      -       +      -
     66B  GLY*     3.6    32.8    -      -       -      -
     67B  LEU*     3.8     7.0    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with VAL 49 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     45B  VAL*     2.9    33.7    +      -       +      +
     46B  PHE      4.1     2.0    -      -       -      +
     48B  PHE*     1.3    77.4    -      -       +      +
     50B  GLU*     1.3    58.3    +      -       -      +
     51B  ARG      3.1     5.7    +      -       -      -
     52B  ASP*     3.2    21.3    +      -       -      +
     48C  PHE*     4.2    15.0    -      -       +      +
     51C  ARG*     3.3    44.4    +      -       -      +
     63C  THR*     3.6    11.2    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page

Residues in contact with GLU 50 (chain B). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     46B  PHE*     3.0    34.4    +      -       +      +
     47B  PHE      4.0     4.0    -      -       -      +
     48B  PHE      3.3     0.2    -      -       -      -
     49B  VAL*     1.3    72.9    -      -       -      +
     51B  ARG*     1.3    59.1    +      -       -      +
     52B  ASP*     3.0     7.4    -      -       -      -
     53B  GLN*     3.0    30.8    +      -       -      +
     54B  VAL*     3.9    10.0    -      -       -      +
     62B  LEU*     4.3     2.0    -      -       -      -
    240B  TRP*     2.9    38.7    +      -       +      +
     51C  ARG*     3.0    16.5    +      -       -      -
     60C  THR*     2.7    32.0    +      -       -      -
     63C  THR*     2.9    26.7    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
 Back to top of page


A short description of the analytical approach
The contact analysis used in this page is based upon the approach developed in: Sobolev V., Wade R.C., Vriend G. and Edelman M. PROTEINS (1996) 25, 120-129. Contact legitimacy depends on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties of the contacting atoms. In order to define it, for each inter-atomic contact, eight atom classes have been introduced:


   I  Hydrophilic      - N and O that can donate and accept hydrogen bonds
                         (e.g., oxygen of hydroxyl group of Ser. or Thr)
  II  Acceptor         - N or O that can only accept a hydrogen bond
 III  Donor            - N that can only donate a hydrogen bond
  IV  Hydrophobic      - Cl, Br, I and all C atoms that are not in
                         aromatic rings and do not have a covalent bond to
                         a N or O atom
   V  Aromatic         - C in aromatic rings irrespective of any other 
                         bonds formed by the atom
  VI  Neutral          - C atoms that have a covalent bond to at least one
                         atom of class I or two or more atoms from class II
                         or III; atoms; S, F, P, and metal atoms in all cases
 VII  Neutral-donor    - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only one
                         atom of class III
VIII  Neutral-acceptor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only 
                         one atom of class II
For each pair of contacts the state of legitimacy is shown below:

Legend:
+, legitimate
-, illegitimate
------------------------------------------------------------
  Atomic class           I  II  III   IV   V   VI  VII  VIII
------------------------------------------------------------
   I  (Hydrophilic)      +   +    +    -   +   +    +    +
  II  (Acceptor)         +   -    +    -   +   +    +    -
 III  (Donor)            +   +    -    -   +   +    -    +
  IV  (Hydrophobic)      -   -    -    +   +   +    +    +
   V  (Aromatic)         +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
  VI  (Neutral)          +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
 VII  (Neutral-donor)    +   +    -    +   +   +    -    +
VIII  (Neutral-acceptor) +   -    +    +   +   +    +    -
------------------------------------------------------------
Warning!
Atom classes for heterogroups are automatically assigned based on the atomic coordinates. However, in three cases (see below) the automatic assignment is currently ambiguous. In these cases, the user is advised to manually analyse the full list of contacts using LPC software.
1. Carbon atoms belonging to a 4-, 5- or 6-member ring are 
   considered "aromatic" (Class V) if the ring is approximately
   planar, and "hydrophobic" (Class IV) or "neutral" (Classes
   VI, VII, VIII) if the ring is non-planar.
2. The oxygen atom of a carbonyl or hydroxy group is considered
   "hydroxy" (Class I) if the CO bond is longer than 1.29 Å, and
   "carbonyl" (Class II) if shorter.
3. All nitrogen atoms are considered "hydrophilic" (Class I).

Please E-mail any questions and/or suggestions concerning this page to Vladimir.Sobolev@weizmann.ac.il