Contacts of the helix formed by residues 27 - 50 (chain E) in PDB entry 4KNF


Residue contacts within the protein are derived with the CSU software (Sobolev V., Sorokine A., Prilusky J., Abola E.E. and Edelman M. (1999) Automated analysis of interatomic contacts in proteins. Bioinformatics, 15, 327-332). A short description of the analytical approach is given at the end of the page.
For CSU analysis of other PDB entry

Note:
Non-standard 3 letter residue codes indicate a heterogroup. To identify and analyse, use LPC software

Legend:
Dist - nearest distance (Å) between atoms of two residues
Surf - contact surface area (Å2) between two residues
HB   - hydrophilic-hydrophilic contact (hydrogen bond)
Arom - aromatic-aromatic contact
Phob - hydrophobic-hydrophobic contact
DC   - hydrophobic-hydrophilic contact (destabilizing contact)
+/-  - indicates presence/absence of a specific contacts
*    - indicates residues forming contacts  by their side chain
       (including CA atoms)
Residues in contact with ASP 27 (chain E).
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     24E  ASP*     3.0    25.0    +      -       +      +
     25E  ILE      4.2     2.0    -      -       -      -
     26E  SER*     1.3    77.0    +      -       -      +
     28E  THR*     1.3    61.7    +      -       -      +
     29E  VAL*     3.5     3.8    +      -       -      +
     30E  GLY*     2.6    30.9    +      -       -      -
     31E  VAL*     3.0    21.1    +      -       -      +
     83E  TRP*     2.8    30.3    +      -       -      +
     84E  ILE*     3.9    12.1    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with THR 28 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     25E  ILE      4.5     6.3    +      -       -      +
     26E  SER      3.0    12.4    +      -       -      -
     27E  ASP*     1.3    72.1    +      -       -      +
     29E  VAL*     1.3    63.4    +      -       -      +
     31E  VAL*     3.2     7.7    +      -       +      +
     32E  SER*     2.9    25.1    +      -       -      -
    218E  SER*     6.3     0.2    -      -       -      -
    222E  LEU*     4.3    18.4    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 29 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     27E  ASP*     3.2     1.7    -      -       -      +
     28E  THR*     1.3    73.9    -      -       -      +
     30E  GLY*     1.3    66.3    +      -       -      +
     32E  SER*     3.0     9.2    +      -       -      -
     33E  PHE*     2.8    37.2    +      -       +      -
     83E  TRP*     2.9    52.5    -      -       +      +
    218E  SER*     3.8    29.6    -      -       -      +
    221E  ASN*     4.2    13.2    -      -       +      -
    222E  LEU*     3.8    17.5    -      -       +      -
    225E  ASN*     5.4     0.7    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLY 30 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     27E  ASP*     2.6    33.0    +      -       -      -
     29E  VAL*     1.3    73.9    -      -       -      +
     31E  VAL*     1.3    59.3    +      -       -      +
     33E  PHE*     3.3     3.4    +      -       -      +
     34E  TRP      3.2     5.5    +      -       -      -
     80E  ARG*     3.0    36.0    +      -       -      -
     83E  TRP*     3.2    14.8    -      -       -      +
     84E  ILE*     4.5     4.0    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 31 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     92A  VAL*     4.9     1.8    -      -       +      -
     96A  ILE*     3.9    24.5    -      -       +      -
     23E  LEU*     4.4    17.5    -      -       +      -
     24E  ASP      4.0    14.6    -      -       -      +
     25E  ILE*     4.1    26.9    -      -       +      +
     27E  ASP      3.0    15.4    +      -       -      +
     28E  THR*     3.4     9.9    -      -       -      +
     30E  GLY*     1.3    72.1    -      -       -      +
     32E  SER*     1.3    67.0    +      -       -      +
     34E  TRP*     3.1     9.9    +      -       +      +
     35E  LEU*     3.0    32.6    +      -       +      +
     80E  ARG*     4.8     1.1    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with SER 32 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     28E  THR      2.9     7.1    +      -       -      -
     29E  VAL      3.0     8.7    +      -       -      -
     31E  VAL*     1.3    78.7    -      -       -      +
     33E  PHE*     1.3    62.3    +      -       -      +
     35E  LEU*     3.2    14.5    +      -       -      +
     36E  VAL*     3.2    26.9    -      -       -      +
    222E  LEU*     3.5    31.1    +      -       -      +
    225E  ASN*     2.8    30.0    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 33 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     29E  VAL*     2.8    36.8    +      -       +      -
     30E  GLY      3.4     2.9    -      -       -      +
     32E  SER*     1.3    75.9    -      -       -      +
     34E  TRP*     1.3    59.4    +      -       -      +
     36E  VAL*     4.1     1.4    -      -       -      +
     37E  THR*     2.5    35.9    +      -       -      -
     76E  TYR*     3.8    20.8    -      +       -      -
     79E  MET*     3.8    24.9    -      -       +      -
     80E  ARG*     3.4    27.4    -      -       +      -
     83E  TRP*     3.6    35.7    -      +       +      -
     90E  PRO*     4.2     8.7    -      -       +      -
     94E  ARG*     3.5    30.3    -      -       -      -
    221E  ASN*     4.0    11.2    -      -       +      -
    225E  ASN*     3.6    11.9    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with TRP 34 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     74A  TRP*     6.0     1.8    -      -       +      -
     75A  HIS*     2.8    35.9    +      +       -      -
     78A  TYR*     3.5    40.6    -      +       -      -
     93A  PHE*     3.6    28.0    -      +       -      -
     96A  ILE*     3.3    24.6    -      -       +      +
    100A  LEU*     4.7     2.0    -      -       +      +
     23E  LEU*     3.9    17.5    -      -       +      -
     30E  GLY      3.2     4.2    +      -       -      +
     31E  VAL*     3.1    10.9    +      -       +      +
     33E  PHE*     1.3    79.5    -      -       -      +
     35E  LEU*     1.3    63.1    +      -       +      +
     37E  THR*     3.7     5.7    -      -       -      -
     38E  ALA*     3.3    21.2    +      -       +      +
     80E  ARG*     3.8    41.8    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 35 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     96A  ILE*     4.0    32.5    -      -       +      +
     99A  LEU*     4.4    24.9    -      -       +      -
    100A  LEU*     3.6    32.8    -      -       +      +
     31E  VAL*     3.0    35.7    +      -       +      +
     32E  SER*     3.2     9.4    +      -       -      +
     34E  TRP*     1.3    80.3    -      -       +      +
     36E  VAL*     1.3    59.5    +      -       +      +
     38E  ALA      3.4     0.3    +      -       -      -
     39E  GLY*     3.1    20.1    +      -       -      -
    229E  PHE*     6.0     0.7    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 36 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     32E  SER*     3.2    18.9    +      -       -      +
     33E  PHE      4.3     0.9    -      -       -      +
     35E  LEU*     1.3    76.3    -      -       +      +
     37E  THR*     1.3    57.1    +      -       -      +
     38E  ALA      3.2     0.9    -      -       -      -
     39E  GLY*     3.6     3.6    -      -       -      +
     40E  MET*     2.8    44.9    +      -       +      +
     76E  TYR*     2.9    49.8    -      -       +      +
    225E  ASN*     3.8    28.3    -      -       +      +
    229E  PHE*     4.9    18.4    -      -       +      -
    233E  ILE*     4.5     0.5    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with THR 37 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     33E  PHE*     2.5    29.3    +      -       -      +
     34E  TRP*     3.7     7.1    -      -       -      -
     36E  VAL*     1.3    77.2    -      -       -      +
     38E  ALA*     1.3    58.5    +      -       -      +
     40E  MET*     3.1     7.0    +      -       -      +
     41E  LEU      2.9    23.2    +      -       -      -
     73E  PHE*     3.6    21.8    -      -       +      +
     76E  TYR*     3.6    32.6    +      -       +      +
     77E  LEU*     4.0    27.6    -      -       +      +
     80E  ARG*     5.1     3.3    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 38 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     71A  ILE*     4.9    11.5    -      -       +      +
     75A  HIS*     4.8     8.5    -      -       +      -
    100A  LEU*     3.9    24.7    -      -       +      -
     34E  TRP*     3.3    17.2    +      -       +      +
     35E  LEU      3.7     4.5    -      -       -      +
     36E  VAL      3.2     0.6    -      -       -      -
     37E  THR*     1.3    79.4    -      -       -      +
     39E  GLY*     1.3    61.4    +      -       -      +
     41E  LEU*     3.5    10.8    +      -       +      +
     42E  ALA*     3.0    27.9    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLY 39 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    100A  LEU*     5.2     4.7    -      -       -      -
     35E  LEU      3.1    11.9    +      -       -      -
     36E  VAL*     3.1     6.7    +      -       -      -
     38E  ALA*     1.3    76.9    -      -       -      +
     40E  MET*     1.3    58.6    +      -       -      +
     42E  ALA*     3.4     6.7    +      -       -      +
     43E  ALA*     3.0    31.0    +      -       -      +
    229E  PHE*     5.3     4.9    -      -       -      -
    233E  ILE*     3.5    17.6    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with MET 40 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     36E  VAL*     2.8    27.2    +      -       +      +
     37E  THR*     3.1     5.1    +      -       -      +
     39E  GLY*     1.3    75.3    -      -       -      +
     41E  LEU*     1.3    60.5    -      -       -      +
     43E  ALA*     3.9     1.9    -      -       -      +
     44E  THR*     2.6    35.2    +      -       -      -
     69E  THR*     3.6    22.8    -      -       -      +
     72E  ALA*     3.6    24.0    -      -       +      -
     73E  PHE*     3.8    13.5    -      -       +      +
     76E  TYR*     4.3    11.7    -      -       +      -
    228E  ASP*     3.5    44.0    -      -       +      +
    229E  PHE*     4.3     1.3    -      -       -      +
    232E  LYS*     4.0     8.7    -      -       +      -
    233E  ILE*     3.9    22.4    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 41 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     71A  ILE*     6.4     2.5    -      -       +      -
     74A  TRP*     4.1    32.8    -      -       +      +
     37E  THR      2.9    13.4    +      -       -      +
     38E  ALA*     3.6    13.9    -      -       +      +
     39E  GLY      3.3     0.2    -      -       -      -
     40E  MET*     1.3    78.2    -      -       -      +
     42E  ALA*     1.3    60.9    +      -       -      +
     44E  THR*     3.9     6.0    -      -       -      -
     45E  VAL*     3.2    37.8    +      -       +      +
     73E  PHE*     3.8    40.5    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 42 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     67A  LEU*     3.4    28.8    -      -       +      +
     71A  ILE*     4.1    24.5    -      -       +      -
    104A  LEU*     5.6     1.8    -      -       +      -
     38E  ALA      3.0    18.0    +      -       -      +
     39E  GLY*     3.7     7.6    -      -       -      +
     40E  MET      3.2     0.2    -      -       -      -
     41E  LEU*     1.3    78.0    -      -       -      +
     43E  ALA*     1.3    53.4    +      -       -      +
     45E  VAL*     3.4     1.3    +      -       -      -
     46E  PHE*     2.8    31.0    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 43 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     39E  GLY      3.0    18.9    +      -       -      +
     40E  MET      3.9     2.5    -      -       -      +
     41E  LEU      3.3     0.2    -      -       -      -
     42E  ALA*     1.3    76.6    -      -       -      +
     44E  THR*     1.3    66.1    +      -       -      +
     46E  PHE*     3.6     7.5    -      -       -      +
     47E  PHE*     3.0    37.8    +      -       +      -
     69E  THR*     3.9    19.1    -      -       +      -
    233E  ILE*     3.9    24.5    -      -       +      -
    237E  LEU*     6.4     0.7    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with THR 44 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     40E  MET      2.6    22.9    +      -       -      -
     41E  LEU*     3.9     8.4    -      -       +      -
     43E  ALA*     1.3    77.1    -      -       -      +
     45E  VAL*     1.3    64.8    +      -       +      +
     47E  PHE*     4.0     0.9    -      -       -      +
     48E  PHE*     3.2    46.4    +      -       +      -
     66E  GLY*     3.5    19.1    -      -       -      +
     69E  THR*     3.0    11.3    +      -       -      -
     70E  GLY*     3.0    31.2    +      -       -      -
     73E  PHE*     4.8     0.7    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 45 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     48A  PHE*     3.8    33.0    -      -       +      -
     67A  LEU*     3.8     9.2    -      -       +      -
     41E  LEU*     3.2    25.2    +      -       +      +
     42E  ALA*     3.6     7.2    -      -       -      +
     43E  ALA      3.3     0.4    -      -       -      -
     44E  THR*     1.3    78.8    -      -       +      +
     46E  PHE*     1.3    65.8    +      -       -      +
     48E  PHE*     4.1     2.4    -      -       -      -
     49E  VAL*     3.0    39.3    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 46 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     60A  THR*     4.2    14.4    -      -       +      -
     63A  THR*     3.9    16.8    -      -       +      -
     64A  VAL*     4.6     9.4    -      -       +      -
     67A  LEU*     3.9    22.4    -      -       +      +
     42E  ALA      2.8    17.8    +      -       -      +
     43E  ALA*     3.6    10.1    -      -       -      +
     45E  VAL*     1.3    77.1    -      -       -      +
     47E  PHE*     1.3    73.6    +      +       +      +
     49E  VAL*     3.8     1.2    -      -       -      +
     50E  GLU*     2.9    45.7    +      -       +      +
    237E  LEU*     4.0    17.3    -      -       +      -
    240E  TRP*     3.3    60.1    -      +       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 47 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     43E  ALA*     3.0    28.1    +      -       +      +
     44E  THR      4.0     0.2    -      -       -      +
     46E  PHE*     1.3    81.5    -      +       -      +
     48E  PHE*     1.3    65.8    +      -       -      +
     50E  GLU*     3.6     8.0    +      -       -      +
     51E  ARG*     3.7    16.5    +      -       -      +
     62E  LEU*     3.6    29.3    -      -       +      +
     65E  SER*     3.7    35.9    -      -       -      -
     66E  GLY*     3.8     6.1    -      -       -      +
     69E  THR*     3.9    17.7    -      -       +      -
    232E  LYS      4.3     3.1    -      -       -      -
    233E  ILE      3.8     7.0    -      -       -      -
    236E  GLY*     3.3    43.1    -      -       -      -
    237E  LEU*     3.5    22.2    -      -       +      -
    240E  TRP*     4.2    11.0    -      +       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 48 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     45D  VAL*     3.5    29.8    -      -       +      -
     49D  VAL*     4.1    23.4    -      -       +      +
     44E  THR*     3.2    46.5    +      -       +      +
     45E  VAL*     4.3     2.5    -      -       -      +
     47E  PHE*     1.3    78.6    -      -       -      +
     49E  VAL*     1.3    67.7    +      -       +      +
     50E  GLU      3.3     0.3    +      -       -      -
     51E  ARG*     3.5    20.5    +      -       -      +
     63E  THR*     3.7    35.9    -      -       +      -
     66E  GLY*     3.8    22.7    -      -       -      -
     67E  LEU*     3.8     7.9    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 49 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     48A  PHE*     4.3    13.5    -      -       +      -
     51A  ARG*     3.0    54.9    +      -       -      +
     63A  THR*     4.0    13.0    -      -       +      +
     45E  VAL*     3.0    34.5    +      -       +      +
     46E  PHE      3.8     2.7    -      -       -      +
     48E  PHE*     1.3    79.6    -      -       +      +
     50E  GLU*     1.3    57.5    +      -       -      +
     51E  ARG      3.2     4.5    +      -       -      -
     52E  ASP*     3.3     8.3    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLU 50 (chain E). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     51A  ARG*     3.3    13.5    +      -       -      +
     60A  THR*     2.8    30.2    +      -       -      -
     63A  THR*     2.6    29.5    +      -       +      -
     46E  PHE*     2.9    45.4    +      -       +      +
     47E  PHE      4.3     2.5    -      -       -      +
     48E  PHE      3.2     0.8    -      -       -      -
     49E  VAL*     1.3    75.0    -      -       -      +
     51E  ARG*     1.3    58.9    +      -       -      +
     52E  ASP      3.2     3.1    -      -       -      -
     53E  GLN*     3.1    37.6    +      -       -      +
     54E  VAL*     3.9     1.9    +      -       -      +
     62E  LEU*     3.7    10.9    -      -       +      +
    240E  TRP*     3.2    28.1    +      -       +      +
    244E  VAL*     5.0     0.2    -      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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A short description of the analytical approach
The contact analysis used in this page is based upon the approach developed in: Sobolev V., Wade R.C., Vriend G. and Edelman M. PROTEINS (1996) 25, 120-129. Contact legitimacy depends on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties of the contacting atoms. In order to define it, for each inter-atomic contact, eight atom classes have been introduced:


   I  Hydrophilic      - N and O that can donate and accept hydrogen bonds
                         (e.g., oxygen of hydroxyl group of Ser. or Thr)
  II  Acceptor         - N or O that can only accept a hydrogen bond
 III  Donor            - N that can only donate a hydrogen bond
  IV  Hydrophobic      - Cl, Br, I and all C atoms that are not in
                         aromatic rings and do not have a covalent bond to
                         a N or O atom
   V  Aromatic         - C in aromatic rings irrespective of any other 
                         bonds formed by the atom
  VI  Neutral          - C atoms that have a covalent bond to at least one
                         atom of class I or two or more atoms from class II
                         or III; atoms; S, F, P, and metal atoms in all cases
 VII  Neutral-donor    - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only one
                         atom of class III
VIII  Neutral-acceptor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only 
                         one atom of class II
For each pair of contacts the state of legitimacy is shown below:

Legend:
+, legitimate
-, illegitimate
------------------------------------------------------------
  Atomic class           I  II  III   IV   V   VI  VII  VIII
------------------------------------------------------------
   I  (Hydrophilic)      +   +    +    -   +   +    +    +
  II  (Acceptor)         +   -    +    -   +   +    +    -
 III  (Donor)            +   +    -    -   +   +    -    +
  IV  (Hydrophobic)      -   -    -    +   +   +    +    +
   V  (Aromatic)         +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
  VI  (Neutral)          +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
 VII  (Neutral-donor)    +   +    -    +   +   +    -    +
VIII  (Neutral-acceptor) +   -    +    +   +   +    +    -
------------------------------------------------------------
Warning!
Atom classes for heterogroups are automatically assigned based on the atomic coordinates. However, in three cases (see below) the automatic assignment is currently ambiguous. In these cases, the user is advised to manually analyse the full list of contacts using LPC software.
1. Carbon atoms belonging to a 4-, 5- or 6-member ring are 
   considered "aromatic" (Class V) if the ring is approximately
   planar, and "hydrophobic" (Class IV) or "neutral" (Classes
   VI, VII, VIII) if the ring is non-planar.
2. The oxygen atom of a carbonyl or hydroxy group is considered
   "hydroxy" (Class I) if the CO bond is longer than 1.29 Å, and
   "carbonyl" (Class II) if shorter.
3. All nitrogen atoms are considered "hydrophilic" (Class I).

Please E-mail any questions and/or suggestions concerning this page to Vladimir.Sobolev@weizmann.ac.il